2018屆高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) Unit 5 Stress and Memory學(xué)案 重慶大學(xué)版選修7

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1、 Unit 5　Stress and Memory 一、單詞—— 寫 得 準(zhǔn) 用 得 活(用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空) 1.abandonvt.　　　　　　放棄；遺棄；拋棄 2.worthwhileadj. 值得(做)的 3.reward n．報答，獎賞；報酬vt.報答，獎勵→rewardingadj.有報酬的，有益的，值得的 4.ignorant adj.無知的，缺乏教育的→ignorancen．無知，愚昧→ignorevt.忽視，不理，不顧 5.stress n．壓力，強調(diào)，重音vt.強調(diào)；重讀→stressedadj.緊張的，有壓力的→stressfuladj.緊

2、張的，壓力重的 fort n．舒適，安逸，慰藉vt.安慰，使舒適→comfortableadj.舒適的，充裕的→uncomfortableadj.不舒服的，不自在的 7.basically adv.基本上，主要地→basicadj.基本的；初級的n.基礎(chǔ)；根本→basen．基礎(chǔ)v.以……為據(jù)點 8.balance vt.使平衡；稱；權(quán)衡n.平衡；天平；結(jié)存→balancedadj.均衡的，平衡的 mit vt.犯 (錯誤等)；干(蠢事等)→commitmentn．承諾；保證 10.power n．權(quán)力；(能)力；電力→powerfuladj.有權(quán)勢的，有影響力的；強有力的→power

3、lessadj.無能力的；無權(quán)的 11.tolerate vt.容忍；忍受；容許→tolerationn．容忍；忍受→tolerantadj.寬容的，容忍的→tolerancen．寬容；容忍 12.effort n．努力；努力的成果→effortlessadj.不費力的→effortlesslyadv.容易地 13.helpless adj.無助的；無能的；無力的→helplessnessn．無助；無能 1.Everyone in the world has its own bitterness and a sense of helplessness (helpless)． 2. Y

4、ou'll absorb your new language effortlessly (effort) without any reading, writing or computer use in this new way. 3.I admire you for your tolerance,_because you can tolerate things which can't be tolerant.(tolerate) 4.Basically,_his income only meets basic living expenses. So he only chooses a li

5、festyle based on his own personal tastes.(base) 5.After he came to power,_everyone said he was a powerful leader, but he felt so powerless that he even couldn't save his daughter.(power) 6.We all recognize when we will be in stressful situations, and we also know when we will feel stressed.(stress

6、) 7.“Don't be disappointed.” he comforted his friend. “Let's go to the beach and the sunlight and wind will make you more comfortable.”(comfort) 8.The naughty boy made a commitment to his teacher that he would never commit the same mistake again.(commit) ? 1.“力”之種種 ①power n．　　　權(quán)力；電力 ②energy

7、n. 精力；能量 ③force n. 力氣；暴力 ④strength n. 力氣；實力 ⑤violence n. 暴力 2．“忽視，遺漏”詞匯多多 ①ignore 忽視 ②miss 漏掉，錯過 ③overlook 忽略，忽視 ④neglect 忽視，忽略 ⑤leave out 遺漏 3.“放棄”詞語集錦 ①abandon　　　放棄；拋棄 ②desert 遺棄，放棄 ③quit 放棄；停止 ④give up 投降，放棄 4．后綴-less形容詞大全 ①helpless 無助的 ②powerless 無權(quán)的，無能力的 ③stressl

8、ess 無壓力的 ④effortless 輕松的，不費力的 ⑤selfless 無私的，忘我的 ⑥aimless　　　 無目的的 ⑦useless 無用的 ⑧meaningless 毫無意義的 5．聚焦-ful后綴形容詞 ①stressful 緊張的，壓力重的 ②awful 可怕的；極討厭的 ③doubtful 懷疑的；不確定的 ④forgetful 健忘的；不注意的 ⑤graceful 優(yōu)美的；優(yōu)雅的 ⑥grateful 感激的；感謝的 ⑦powerful 有權(quán)勢的，有影響力的 二、短語—— 寫 得 準(zhǔn) 用 得 活(選用左欄短語

9、填空) 1.stay_calm　　　　　　　　　　　保持冷靜 2.even_if/though 即使，雖然 3.feel_unsure_about_... 對……感覺不確定 4.a_small/large_amount_of_... 少/大量的…… 5.for_instance 例如，比如 6.work_on_sth._... 從事于…… 7.let_go_of 松手，放開 8.in_a_positive_way 以積極的方式 9.be_impressed_with 對……有深刻的印象 10.related_to 與……相關(guān) 11.seek_to_do_

10、sth. 尋找；探索 12.without_any_thought 不加任何考慮 13.from_day_to_day 一天天地 14.blend_..._with_... 把……與……混合 1.Problems to be discussed at the meeting are related_to your work efficiency. 2.He said his players needed to focus on the game and stay_calm whenever unexpected incidents occurred on the court.

11、 3.You cannot rely on her; for_instance,_she arrived an hour late for an important meeting yesterday. 4.If you feel_unsure_about how to operate the machine, consult your instructions. 5.Give them positive feedback (反饋) as much as you can, even_if/though it's just a good word. ? 1.stay短語一覽 ①s

12、tay calm　　　　保持冷靜 ②stay in (晚上)待在家里 ③stay behind 留下來 ④stay on 留下繼續(xù)工作(學(xué)習(xí)) ⑤stay up 熬夜 ⑥stay out 夜不歸宿 2.“for＋n.”短語薈萃 ①for instance　　　　例如 ②for example 例如 ③for fun/pleasure 為了好玩 ④for good 永遠地 ⑤for sale 待售；出售 ⑥for sure 確保；一定 三、句式—— 背 原 句 明 句 式 學(xué) 仿 寫 1.Being tired makes it easi

13、er for us to get sick and to develop physical problems related to stress. 疲勞使我們更容易生病，并由此導(dǎo)致與壓力有關(guān)的生理問題。 make it ＋adj.＋ for sb. to do sth.“使做某事對某人來說……”，it是形式賓語，后面的不定式是真正的賓語。 成本不斷上漲，生意很難做成。 Rising costs made_it_hard to carry on business. 2.Even if we change only small things at first, this will sho

14、w us that we are not helpless and that we do have some freedom to change our lives. 即使起初我們只是改變一些小事情，這也會表明我們不是無能為力的，并且我們的確有自由改變我們的生活。 even if＝even though“即使”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。 允許孩子們有發(fā)表自己觀點的空間，即使不同于你自己的觀點。 Allow children the space to voice their opinions even_if/though_they_are_different_from your own.

15、 第一板塊核心單詞歸納集釋 1．stress n．強調(diào)；壓力；重音vt.加壓力于；強調(diào)；重讀 [教材原句]　Other people are uncomfortable with any stress at all; they soon become unhappy if they feel stressed. 另外一些人有任何壓力都會感到不舒服。如果他們感到有壓力，不久就會變得不高興。 (1)under stress　　　　　　　在壓力之下 put sb. under great stress 使某人感到沉重的壓力 lay/place/put stress on sth.

16、 強調(diào)某事物 (2)stress the importance of 強調(diào)……的重要性 stress that ... 強調(diào)…… (3)stressful adj. 緊張的；壓力重的 ①I must stress_that everything I've told you is strictly confidential. 我必須強調(diào)，我告訴你的一切都要嚴(yán)加保密。 ②Things can easily go wrong when people are under_stress. 人在壓力之下，辦事情就容易出差錯。 ③The life of a high school st

17、udent is usually active, exciting and full of fun, but it can be stressful (stress) sometimes. 高中生的生活通常是積極的、令人激動的、充滿快樂的，但有時候也有壓力。 2．balance vt.使平衡；稱；權(quán)衡n.天平；平衡；結(jié)存；余額 [經(jīng)典例句]　We were struggling to keep our balance as the boat rolled. 小船猛烈顛簸，我們努力保持著平衡。 (1)keep/break the balance of nature 　　　　　　　　　

18、　保持/打破生態(tài)平衡 keep one's balance 保持平衡 lose one's balance＝be out of balance 失去平衡 keep a balance between A and B 保持A與B之間的平衡 (2)balance sth.against 權(quán)衡；斟酌；比較 (3)balanced adj. 保持(或顯示)平衡的 keep a balanced diet 保持飲食均衡 ①When he was running after his brother, the boy lost_his_balance and had a b

19、ad fall.(2015·湖北高考多選) 當(dāng)這個男孩追趕弟弟的時候，他失去了平衡，狠狠地摔了一跤。 ②You have to balance the advantages of living in the countryside against the disadvantages. 你得權(quán)衡一下住在鄉(xiāng)下的好處和壞處。 [熟詞生義]　讀句子猜含義 ③Apart from the expenses of your travelling, the current balance in your account is ￡1,182.余額 3．a(chǎn)bandon vt.遺棄；拋棄；丟棄；放棄；

20、中止；(與oneself連用)使放縱；使聽任n.放任；放縱 [高考佳句]　They should abandon playing computer and cheating in the exams.(2015·廣東高考滿分作文) 他們應(yīng)該放棄玩電腦，不在考試中作弊。 (1)abandon one's hope/plan/idea 　　　　　　　　　　放棄某人的希望/計劃/主意 abandon oneself to ... 沉溺于……；縱情于…… abandon doing sth. 放棄做某事 (2)with abandon 放縱地；放任地 (3)abandoned

21、 adj. 無約束的；被遺棄的；放蕩的 be abandoned to 沉湎于…… ①They abandoned carrying (carry) out the plan for lack of money. 因為缺少資金，他們放棄了執(zhí)行這項計劃。 ②Feeling frustrated, I found myself abandoning myself to playing (play) computer games. 感到沮喪，我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己沉湎于玩電腦游戲。 ③The girls jumped up and down and waved their arms with_a

22、bandon. 那些女孩子跳上跳下盡情地揮舞著手臂。 [名師指津]　abandon oneself to中的to是介詞，其后跟名詞、代詞或動名詞作賓語。 Ⅰ.基礎(chǔ)點全練(單句語法填空) 1．I don't think it is worthwhile taking/to_take (take) the trouble to explain the question to him. 2．It'll take about three hours if everything goes smoothly (smooth)． 3．It's obvious that the teache

23、r cannot tolerate eating (eat) in class. 4．It's vital that a successful movie (should)_pay (pay) much attention to its theme and the figures' characters. 5．Ignoring (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.(2015·安徽高考單選) Ⅱ.重難點多練 1．balan

24、ce萬花筒 (1)單句語法填空 ①You are working too hard.You'd better keep a balance between work and relaxation. ②You should balance the advantages against the disadvantages before you give up your present job. ③You'd better keep a balanced (balance) diet for the benefit of your health. (2)根據(jù)漢語提示完成片段 We sho

25、uld try our best to ④keep_a_balance (保持平衡) between the environment and nature. Sometimes, overdevelopment can ⑤break_the_balance (打破平衡) of ecology. Once nature ⑥loses_its_balance (失去平衡), it will bring us many disasters. 2．a(chǎn)bandon全練通 (1)一句多譯 他抽煙成癮，從而得了肺癌。 ①As he abandoned_himself_to_smoking,_he s

26、uffered from lung cancer. ②Abandoning_himself_to_smoking,_he suffered from lung cancer.(使用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語) ③Abandoned_to_smoking,_he suffered from lung cancer.(使用過去分詞短語作狀語) (2)用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 The boy felt ④abandoned (abandon) by the world. So he abandoned ⑤himself (he) to playing computer games and though

27、t that life was boring. His teacher and classmates helped him ⑥abandon (abandon) the idea and abandon ⑦playing (play) computer games with their love. 3．stress點點練 (1)一句多譯 他強調(diào)了良好教育的重要性。 ①He stressed_the_importance_of a good education.(stress v．) ②He laid/placed/put_stress_on_the_importance_of a g

28、ood education.(stress n．) ③Stress was_laid/placed/put_on_the_importance_of a good education by him. (2)翻譯句子 ④我想強調(diào)的是每個人都應(yīng)該更多地傾聽他人。 What_I_want_to_stress_is_that_each_of_us_should_listen_more_to_others. Ⅲ.閱讀詞匯專練 根據(jù)語境選出reward的詞性和詞義 (A)n.報答　　　　(B)n.賞金 (C)n.報酬 (D)vt.獎賞；給……報酬 1．We rewarded him f

29、or finding our lost cat.__D__ 2．It is unfair that he gets very little in reward for his hard work. __C__ 3．An act of kindness deserves a reward.__A__ 4．To be honest, half the reward should be mine.__B__ 第二板塊短語句型歸納集釋 1．work on sth. ...從事于…… [高考佳句]　After that, I regained my enthusiasm for Eng

30、lish and spent much more time and energy working on this particular subject.(2014·福建高考滿分作文) 從那以后，我重新獲得了對英語的熱情，并把更多的時間和精力用于這個特別學(xué)科的學(xué)習(xí)上。 work at　　　　　　　　致力于 work out 理解；解決；算出，制訂出 out of work 失業(yè) ①I believe that you can work_out this problem by yourself. 我相信你自己能做出這道題的。 ②The law to be carried out

31、next month will benefit those who are out_of_work. 將于下個月頒布的法律會使失業(yè)者受益。 2．be impressed with (by/at)對……有深刻的印象 [教材原句]　You are impressed with his intellect and how quickly his mind works to solve your problem. 你對他的智力以及為了解決你的問題他的頭腦如此快速的工作印象深刻。 (1)impress sb.with ...　　(某事)給某人留下……印象 impress sth.on/upo

32、n sb./one's memory 使某人銘記某事 (2)impression n. 印象；印記 leave/make/have an impression on sb. 給某人留下……印象 (3)impressive adj. 給人印象深刻的；感人的 ①The little boy impressed me with his big, bright eyes the first time I saw him. 第一次見到這個小男孩時，他明亮的大眼睛就給我留下了深刻的印象。 ②My father impressed on/upon me the value of

33、hard work. 父親要我牢記努力工作的重要性。 ③The new teacher made/left/had_a_good_impression_on the students by her rich knowledge and humorous talk. 那位新老師以豐富的知識和幽默的語言給同學(xué)們留下了很好的印象。 3．Being tired makes_it_easier_for_us_to_get sick and to develop physical problems related to stress. 疲勞使我們更容易生病，并由此導(dǎo)致與壓力有關(guān)的生理問題。 (

34、1)句中是“make＋賓語＋賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)。it是形式賓語，真正的賓語是后面的不定式短語。 ①The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. 新技術(shù)的目的是使生活變得更加容易，而不是變得更加困難。 (2)在“make＋賓語＋賓語補足語”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補足語可以由名詞、形容詞、過去分詞、不定式等來充當(dāng)。 ②People in the West make it a rule to_buy (buy) Christmas presents for their r

35、elatives and friends. 西方國家的人常在圣誕節(jié)時給親屬和朋友購買禮物。 ③We have made_him_our_monitor,_for he is more capable of dealing with tough issues. 我們選他為班長，因為他更有能力處理棘手的問題。 [名師指津]　(1)在“make＋賓語＋賓語補足語”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)“獨一無二的官銜”的名詞作補足語時，名詞前無冠詞。(2)在英語中，動詞let, make, have, feel, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, he

36、ar等后要跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語。 Ⅰ.基礎(chǔ)點全練 1．單句語法填空 ①I'm sorry to hear that his son suffers memory loss related to his disease. ②We have decided to visit the Museum tomorrow even if/though it rains. ③All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work. ④Mr Green is thought to_be (be) an exp

37、ert in this field. ⑤The police are looking into the matter related to drug abuse. ⑥We seek to_find (find) a way to get along well with the people around us. ⑦Don't make a decision without any thought. ⑧This is such a difficult question as nobody can work out. 2．運用所學(xué)短語完成片段 My grandpa is over 60

38、 years old, but he spends ①a_large_amount_of (大量的) time ②doing_regular_exercise (進行日常鍛煉) every morning.He is very optimistic and deals with the difficulties ③in_a_positive_way (以積極的方式). He is kind and generous to his neighbors. ④For_instance (例如), whenever his neighbors are in trouble, he will try h

39、is best to help them ⑤without_any_thought (不加任何考慮)． Ⅱ.重難點多練 be impressed with 多角度 (1)用impress的適當(dāng)形式填空 ①The young man does make a good impression on everybody he meets. ②While the list will be long, it will not be all that impressive. ③What impressed me was their ability to deal with a problem.

40、 (2)一句多譯 此外，還有琳瑯滿目的特色小吃，我認為這將給你留下深刻的印象。 ④What's_more,_there_are_various_special_snacks,_which_I_think_will_impress_you_deeply.(impress) ⑤What's_more,_there_are_various_special_snacks,_which_I_think_will_leave/have/make_a_deep/good_impression_on_you.(impression) [課堂練牢基礎(chǔ)] Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．Balanc

41、ed (balance) diet and proper exercise can keep you free from disease. 2．A thousand words will not leave so deep an impression (impress) as one deed. 3．In some experts' opinion, living conditions on the Mars are very hard to_tolerate (tolerate)． 4．We have decided to visit the Museum tomorrow even

42、if/though it rains. 5．They rewarded the winners with gifts of fruits and flowers when the match ended. 6．Greatly inspired, the students made up their minds to work at English even harder. 7．A man should not only commit himself (he) to his work but also to his family. 8．What confused her was the

43、truth that Tom felt unsure about himself. 9．It is worthwhile visiting/to_visit (visit) the place for a second time. 10．Are you familiar with the computer software they use? Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．I can't tolerate you speak to your mother in such a rude manner.speak→speaking 2．Lisa, though abandoning by her

44、own parents three decades ago, badly longed to know where they were at present.abandoning→abandoned 3．The Internet makes possible for us to learn all important things that have happened at home and abroad.makes后加it 4．She bought the new computer at request of her three children.at后加the 5．It was no

45、t until she got home when Jane realized she had lost her keys.when→that_ 6．The government should raise citizens' awareness of keeping a balance of nature.a→the 7．Mary worked hard and tried to get her works recognizing in the art circles.recognizing→recognized_ 8．Teachers should impress the child

46、ren on the virtue of always telling the truth.on→with Ⅲ.用本單元所學(xué)知識完成寫作訓(xùn)練 (一)依據(jù)提示補全短文 Mr Li, our English teacher, is considered to be one of the best teachers in our school. He has worked_on (從事于……) English teaching for 20 years. On the one hand, he is strict in his work. He often prepares his less

47、ons late into night. He always works_out (制定出) a plan for his each class and spends plenty of time studying the teaching method. ①His class is very interesting and lively. Therefore (Therefore/And/But) we seem_to_be (好像) more interested in his class. On the other hand, he is very strict with us.

48、 ②We make small mistakes sometimes, but he will punish us severely. But we all like and respect him. (二)按要求將詞匯句式升級 1．用本單元高級詞匯替換加黑部分 (1)is considered to be→is_thought_to_be_ (2)plenty of→a_large_amount_of_ 2．按要求改寫句式 (1)用“make＋賓語＋賓補”結(jié)構(gòu)改寫句① He_makes_his_class_very_interesting_and_lively. (2)

49、用even if/though改寫句② Even_if/though_we_make_small_mistakes_sometimes,_he_will_punish_us_severely. [課下練熟高考] “閱讀＋七選五＋完形”組合練——練題型 (限時：35分鐘) Ⅰ.閱讀理解 (2017·南寧市高中畢業(yè)班適應(yīng)性測試)Like the body's muscles, bones, and other vital organs, the brain feels the effect of aging. Through years of constant use and biol

50、ogical wear and tear, the brain gradually loses some of its sharpness in processing information. As people begin to age, they may begin to have problems with memory. One of the most noticeable problem areas involves the temporary forgetting of names. Actually everyone has this problem in older age.

51、 It is important to note that normal age-related memory loss does not indicate losing intelligence or ability to learn. The brain may simply need more time to recall information from memory or to learn new information. Simple forgetfulness is not a disease. Studies on learning and memory provide an

52、active area of research for many neuroscientists. In general, how the brain selects and stores information falls into three categories. Each category serves a distinct purpose and is generally independent of intelligence or level of education. Memory categories include： Short-term/Temporary recolle

53、ction.If you are calling the florist (花商), you look up the phone number and remember it long enough to place the call. Once you have finished the call, the information disappears. If you were interrupted before making the call, you may lose this material. Long-term (recent)．This category preserves

54、the recent past, such as what you had for breakfast today, or the outfit that you wore a few days ago. Long-term (remote)．This records the distant past. These memories, learned 10 or 20 years ago, form your knowledge base. This category can include a conversation or a tune from your high school fig

55、ht song. Other information in this memory store shapes your personal history, such as what you were doing the day President John Kennedy was assassinated (刺殺)． Aging does not generally affect short-or long-term(remote) memory. These functions are well-preserved. However, long-term (recent) memory o

56、ften declines with age. To store and regain recent information from long-term(recent) memory, the brain performs a complex chain of chemical and electrical functions involving nerve cells. As one ages, some of these cells may deteriorate and function less efficiently. 語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。 隨著年齡的增長，人們的記憶力也

57、會逐漸衰退，但這并不意味著人們喪失了智力或?qū)W習(xí)能力。本文講述了人的幾種記憶，年齡增長只會影響其中的一種。 1.The following is discussed in the passage EXCEPT________. A．the relationship between aging and memory loss B．categories of how our brain selects and stores information C．symptoms of age-related memory loss D．solutions of age-related memory

58、loss 解析：選D　 細節(jié)理解題。 根據(jù)第一段第三句、第二段第五句和第二段第二句可知，A、B、C三項都是這篇文章討論過的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)排除法可知答案選D。 2．Which of the following is an example of long-term (remote) memory? A．A phone conversation with your friend last week. B．Your favorite teacher in primary school. C．Foods that you ordered in a restaurant the other day.

59、 D．A new phone number you remembered just now. 解析：選B　推理判斷題。 根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Long-term (remote)．This records the distant past. These memories, learned 10 or 20 years ago”可知，long-term (remote) memory 涉及的是多年前的記憶信息。由此可推斷，B項“你最喜歡的小學(xué)老師”符合題意。故答案選B。 3. Which of the following words has the closest meaning to th

60、e word “deteriorate” in the last paragraph? A．Worsen.　　　　　 B．Die. C．Strengthen. D．Develop. 解析：選A　詞義猜測題。 根據(jù)畫線詞后的“and function less efficiently” 可推知，人年老的時候，神經(jīng)細胞功能減弱，說明它們退化了，導(dǎo)致人的記憶力下降。由此可推出，deteriorate 意為“退化，惡化”，與worsen的意思接近。故答案選A。 4．From what kind of magazine can you possibly read the passage ab

61、ove? A．Health.　　　　　 B．Human resources. C．Genetic engineering. D．Business administration. 解析：選A　文章出處題。 文章講的是年齡增長對人的記憶的影響。這個話題涉及健康問題，由此可推知，你很有可能在健康類的雜志上讀到這篇文章。故答案選A。 Ⅱ.閱讀七選五 It is impossible to know when you might find yourself lost in a forest.If you know what to do, you can survive in a forest

62、 without much trouble; but if you are not prepared, survival can be much less likely. Keep fear at bay It is completely natural to be afraid when you are faced with a survival situation.__1__ The more your fear overcomes you, the lower your chances are of survival, as your mind is going to become

63、clouded and panic may set in. Stay warm Obviously, the low body temperature is one of the primary dangers you face when you must survive in the forest.__2__ Never stop to sleep or quit moving around unless you have appropriate shelter. Know how to make a fire Obviously, if you have a lighter or

64、matches, this is not a problem.But if not, you can attempt to use a dry narrow pointed stick and a dry flat piece of wood.__3__ This requires a great deal of work, but if done correctly, you will succeed. Make some shelter __4__ The easiest way to provide protection is to find a fallen tree and co

65、ver it with other branches and brush so that you can stay in the natural pit underneath the tree trunk.This is a very important aspect of being able to survive in the forest. Stay put unless you know exactly where you are If you can build a stable shelter and start a fire, you can survive in the f

66、orest for several days.__5__ If you know where you are, travel as far as possible during the day while making sure you stop long enough before dark so that you can build another shelter. A．Soon you will find that it's not that difficult to survive in the forest. B．However, if you are going to survive in the forest, you must keep your thoughts clear. C．Make as much friction (摩擦) as possible by rubbing the pointed stick along the flat piece. D．It is better to stay and wait for rescue