實(shí)用大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教程：第二十六章 It的用法

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1、第二十六章第二十六章 It的用法的用法 1.人稱代詞人稱代詞it2.虛義主義虛義主義it3.先行先行it4.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的it5. 慣用法中的慣用法中的it 1.人稱代詞it作人稱代詞的it可以指代事物，也可以指代人，在句中通常作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。（1）指上文提到的事物、動(dòng)物、植物等。例如：That vase is valuable. Its more than 200 years old.那只花瓶很寶貴，它有200多年的歷史。Water is very useful. We use it to generate electricity. 水非常有用。我們用它來(lái)發(fā)電。The company

2、 was losing money and it had to make people redundant.公司正在虧損，不得不裁減冗員。The man went up to the cat and started stroking it.那人走到貓跟前，開(kāi)始撫摸它。（2）指前面的短語(yǔ)、從句或句子的內(nèi)容。例如：Id like to go on a trip to Europe, but I cannot afford it.我想去歐洲旅游，但我卻負(fù)擔(dān)不起費(fèi)用。Railroad service was suspended. They told me it was because of a lan

3、dslide. 鐵路不通了。他們告訴我是因?yàn)樯襟w滑坡。She was frightened, but tried not to show it. 她嚇壞了，但她盡量不表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。（3）在性別不計(jì)或不明時(shí)指人或嬰孩。例如：What a lovely baby! Is it a boy or a girl? 多可愛(ài)的寶寶！是男孩還是女孩？Theres someone here to see you.這兒有個(gè)人要見(jiàn)你。Who is it?誰(shuí)呀？2.虛義主語(yǔ)it在由it引導(dǎo)的表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣、溫度、季節(jié)、環(huán)境、狀況等句子中及在某些句型中，it的語(yǔ)法功能是明確的（作主語(yǔ)），但意義卻是含糊的，故稱“虛義

4、主語(yǔ)it”。（1）表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣、溫度、季節(jié)等。例如：Its five years/It has been five years since we met last.自從我們上次見(jiàn)面以來(lái)已有5年了。It wont be long before plenty of tomatoes appear on the market.不要過(guò)多久大批西紅柿就要上市了。How far is it to your school? 到你們學(xué)校有多遠(yuǎn)？It is three miles from here. 離這兒有3英里。It gets hot and humid in summer here. 這里夏季熱

5、而潮濕。Its 37 degrees centigrade/Celsius. 氣溫為37攝氏度。（2）表示環(huán)境或一般泛指狀況。例如：It is very quiet here, good for me to study. 這兒很安靜，是我學(xué)習(xí)的好地方。Its my turn. 輪到我了。Hows it going Bob? I havent seen you for ages. 鮑勃，近況如何？我好久未見(jiàn)你了。If it hadnt been for you, I dont know what Iwould have done.要不是你，我真不知道會(huì)干出什么事來(lái)呢。（3）用在It seems/

6、appears/looks that等句型中。例如：It seems that he knows the secret. 他似乎知道這個(gè)秘密。It appears that she will pass the exam. 她似乎能通過(guò)考試。It looks as if its going to snow. 看來(lái)好像要下雪了。It happened/chanced that he was out when I dropped in.我順道去拜訪他時(shí)，他恰巧外出了。It turned out that she was a friend of my sisters. 原來(lái)她是我姐姐的朋友。3.先行i

7、t3.1 it做形式主語(yǔ)（1）代替語(yǔ)句。例如：It is a nuisance, this delay. 很麻煩，這樣拖延。Its boring, this sort of play. 很沒(méi)趣，這種劇目。（2）代替不定式。例如：It is illegal to drive without a licence. 無(wú)照駕駛是違法的。It is important for young people not to waste time. 年輕人不浪費(fèi)時(shí)間至關(guān)重要。It is everyones duty to abide by the law. 遵守法律是每個(gè)人的責(zé)任。It was against m

8、y principle to do that. 那樣做有悖于我的原則。It makes me sick to think about it. 想到此事我就感到惡心。（3）代替動(dòng)名詞。例如：It is no use crying over spilt milk.諺潑灑了牛奶，哭也無(wú)用。It is not worthwhile spending a lot of time on such trifles.在這種小事上花費(fèi)許多時(shí)間不值得。Its fun working here. 在這里工作很有趣。（4）代替that從句。例如：Its a shame that Jack isnt here. 杰克不

9、在這兒，真遺憾。It has been my philosophy of life that difficulties vanish when faced boldly.我的生活態(tài)度一直是：只要勇敢面對(duì)困難，它們就會(huì)自動(dòng)消失。Is it true (that) you are going abroad for your holidays?你要去國(guó)外度假是真的嗎？（5）代替that從句以外的名詞從句。例如：It doesnt matter who you are or where you live. 你是誰(shuí)、住在哪里都沒(méi)有關(guān)系。 It is doubtful whether he is stil

10、l alive. 他生死未卜。It is a mystery to me how it all happened.這件事到底是怎么發(fā)生的，對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)還是個(gè)謎。It doesnt matter to me which girl you like.你喜歡哪個(gè)女孩，對(duì)我而言都無(wú)所謂。3.2 it 作形式賓語(yǔ)it作形式賓語(yǔ)，多用think, feel, consider, find, make等動(dòng)詞。（1）代替不定式。例如：Youll find it difficult to persuade him. 你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)說(shuō)服他很難。I consider it wise to say so. 我認(rèn)為這樣說(shuō)是明智的

11、。She thought it her duty to support the chairperson.她認(rèn)為支持議長(zhǎng)是她的職責(zé)。（2）代替動(dòng)名詞。例如：She finds it difficult working with Mike. 她發(fā)覺(jué)很難跟邁克一起工作。I think it dangerous her going there alone at night.我認(rèn)為她晚上一個(gè)人去那里很危險(xiǎn)。They deemed it a sheer waste of time arguing about it.他們覺(jué)得爭(zhēng)論此事完全是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。（3）代替that從句。例如：Jane thinks it

12、funny that Ive taken up yoga. 簡(jiǎn)認(rèn)為我練瑜伽功是可笑的。We took it for granted that you would agree. 我們認(rèn)為你當(dāng)然會(huì)同意。Scientists think it probable that there will be a big earthquake in that district.科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為那個(gè)地區(qū)可能發(fā)生大地震。（4）代替that從句以外的名詞從句。例如：They havent made it known where the meeting is to be held.他們沒(méi)有宣布會(huì)議在哪里開(kāi)。4.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的

13、it4.1 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型“It+ be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that”這一句式又被稱為“分裂句”，可用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語(yǔ)以外的大部分句子成分。如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分指人，that可用who替代；被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是物時(shí)，只能用that或which（which用得較少）；強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常只用that,不用when, where, why等。例如：（1）強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)。It is diligence that makes up for deficiency. 勤能補(bǔ)拙。It is he that is responsible. 是他負(fù)有責(zé)任。It is Mr. Wilson that/who is the chairperson.

14、擔(dān)任主席的是威爾遜先生。（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)。It is a letter that Susan is writing. 蘇珊正在寫(xiě)的是一封信。It was those children that/who/whom I saw playing by the pond.我看見(jiàn)在池塘邊玩耍的就是那些孩子。（3）強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)（時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式、目的等）。It was ten years ago that he lived in Beijing.（時(shí)間）It was when I was in the kitchen that I heard the explosion.（時(shí)間）我是在廚房的時(shí)候聽(tīng)到的爆炸

15、聲。Its in the market that Julie buys her vegetables.（地點(diǎn)）朱莉是在菜市場(chǎng)買(mǎi)菜。It was because I loved the picture that I frequented the museum.（原因）我是因?yàn)橄矏?ài)那幅畫(huà)，才常去博物館的。It was in a different way that they played the game.（方式）他們比賽的方式是不同的。It is from advertising that a newspaper earns most of profits.（方式）報(bào)紙是從廣告中獲取了很多利潤(rùn)。

16、It was for his son that George bought the toy plane. （目的）喬治買(mǎi)玩具飛機(jī)是給他兒子的。It was for you that I did all this.(目的)是為了你我才做了這一切。【注】1. 在通俗說(shuō)法中，that可以省略。例如：It was this window Jim broke yesterday. 吉姆昨天打壞的就是這個(gè)窗戶。Was it in 1989 this happened? 是在1989年發(fā)生的這件事嗎？2. 下面句子中的when和where是非正式語(yǔ)體的用法。例如It was yesterday when I

17、 saw him. 我是昨天看到他的。It is at the school and universities where our characters are moulded.我們的性格是在中小學(xué)和大學(xué)塑造出來(lái)的。4.2 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的疑問(wèn)句（1）一般疑問(wèn)句（將前半部分改為疑問(wèn)句）。例如：Was it in Shanghai that you first met Prof. Zhang?你第一次見(jiàn)到張教授是在上海嗎？Was it you who put these books on my desk?是你把這些書(shū)放在我桌上的嗎？（2）特殊疑問(wèn)句（被強(qiáng)調(diào)的疑問(wèn)詞要置于句首）。例如：What was

18、it that he wanted you to do?他要你做的是什么？Where and when was it that you came to know her?你到底是在什么地方什么時(shí)候結(jié)識(shí)她的？Why is it that silver is not widely used as a conductor?究竟是什么原因銀沒(méi)有廣泛地用作導(dǎo)電材料？5. 慣用法中的it（1）it用在某些慣用句式中。例如：Gossip had it that she would marry Simon. 謠傳她要嫁給西蒙。Rumor has it （that） Jeans getting married

19、again. 傳聞?wù)f瓊又要結(jié)婚了。Legend has it that he always wore his boots in bed. 傳說(shuō)他總是穿著靴子睡覺(jué)。Ill see to it that there is no such mistake again. 我會(huì)確保不再發(fā)生這樣的錯(cuò)誤。Can we depend on/upon it that you will keep this matter strictly confidential?我們能信任你會(huì)對(duì)此事嚴(yán)格保密嗎？（2）it用在某些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中。例如：At last weve made it. 我們最終獲得成功。Well, belie

20、ve it or not, theyve given me a loan. 不管你信不信，他們已經(jīng)給我貸了款。Youll catch it if you smoke. 如果你吸煙，你會(huì)挨罵的。練習(xí)答案與解析1. B 不明性別用代詞it。2. D 打電話時(shí)介紹自己用代詞It和this均可。3. C it 做形式主語(yǔ)。4. D it 指代天氣。5. C it 做形式賓語(yǔ)代替后面的that 從句。6. A It was that 引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句的用法。7. B it 做形式賓語(yǔ)代替后面的不定式短語(yǔ)， make 可用形容詞做賓補(bǔ)。8. A it 做形式賓語(yǔ)代替后面的不定式短語(yǔ)。9. B It was n

21、ot until that 的用法。10. A it takes+一段時(shí)間+ before的句式意為“要時(shí)間才能，在時(shí)間后才“。本句表示“在法國(guó)作家凡爾納作出預(yù)言100年后登陸月球才真正實(shí)現(xiàn)”。11. C 根據(jù)句意understand 后面的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)是特殊疑問(wèn)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句。12. D 根據(jù)句意，該句是it 引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。13. B 該句是特殊疑問(wèn)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句，時(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)。14. C it 指代天氣，該句為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。15. A 句意“要三年時(shí)間這些桃樹(shù)才能結(jié)果”，故選before。16. A 特殊疑問(wèn)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句。17. B 強(qiáng)調(diào)句用關(guān)系詞that。18. A it 做形式主語(yǔ)，代替后面的不定式短語(yǔ)。19. B It was not untilthat 的用法，這是notuntil的 強(qiáng)調(diào)用法。20. C It is/may be + 一段時(shí)間 + before 的用法，表示“要時(shí)間才”。